英语翻译的系统讲解
英语翻译的系统讲解
字词的翻译
一．增词法
英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换，又可能要在词量上加以增减。增词法就是在翻译时按意义上（或修辞上）和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。这当然不是无中生有地随意增词，而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词。
1．根据意义上或修辞上的需要
A.增加动词
根据意义上的需要，可以在名词前后增加动词。
------In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work in the drafting of the final communique.
晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。
------They had been through it all at his side --- the bruising battles, the humiliations of the defeat … through empty mid-1960s --- until at last, in 1968, they were able to savor the sweet taste of triumph.
他们始终站在他的一边，经历过残酷的厮杀，忍受过辛酸的失败， 熬过了一事无成的六十年代中期，好不容易挨到一九六八年，他们才尝到了胜利的甜头。
------There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers.
没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。
B.增加形容词
这类句子以感叹句为多。
------What a man!
多么……的男人啊！
------The plane twisted under me, trailing flame and smoke.
飞机在下面盘旋下降，拖着浓烟烈焰掉了下去。
------O, Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this!
啊，汤姆•康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难之中，现在这番景象却是多么煊赫啊！
C.增加副词
根据原文的上下文，有些动词在一定的场合可增加适当的副词，才能确切表达原意。
------The crowd melted away.
人群渐渐散开了。
------As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.
他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
------He sank down with his face in his hands.
他双手蒙着脸，一屁股坐了下去。
------He was fascinated by the political processes --- the wheeling and dealing of presidential politics, the manipulating, releasing and leaking of news, the public and private talks.
一幕幕政治花招真能使他看入迷了：总统竞选活动中的勾心斗角，尔虞我诈；对新闻消息的幕后操纵、公开发表和有意透露，以及公开和秘密的谈话。
D.增加名词
a. 在不及物动词后面增加名词
英语中有些动词有时作及物动词，有时用作不及物动词；当它作不及物动词时，宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面的，译成汉语时往往需要把它表达出来。
------to wash before meal 饭前洗手
------to wash after getting up 起床后洗脸
------to wash before going to bed 睡前洗脚
------First you borrow, then you beg. 头一遭借钱，下一遭讨饭。
------Day after day he came to his work --- sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
他每天来干活——扫地、擦地板、收拾房间。
b. 在形容词前增加名词
------This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.
这部打字机真是价廉物美。
------A new kind of aircraft --- small, cheap, pilotless --- is attracting increasing attention.
一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意——这种飞机体积不大，价钱便宜，无人驾驶。
------He is a complicated man --- moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.
他是一个性格复杂的人——喜怒无常，反复多变，有些忧郁寡欢。
c. 在抽象名词后增加名词
有些有动词或形容词派生出来的抽象名词，翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更合乎规范。
to persuade 说服 persuasion 说服工作
to prepare 准备 preparation 准备工作
backward 落后 backwardness 落后状态
tense 紧张 tension 紧张局势
arrogant 自满 arrogance 自满情绪
mad 疯狂 madness 疯狂行为
antagonistic 敌对 antagonism敌对态度
------Profanity was tacitly given up.
亵渎神灵的粗话全都心照不宣地不用了。
d.在具体名词后增加名词
当具体名词表达一种抽象概念时，译文中也常常根据上下文增加一些适当的名词。
------He felt the patriot rise within his breast.
他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。
------He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.
他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。
------Kissinger felt that Rogers was quibbling, but the lawyer in Nixon supported the quibble of a fellow lawyer.
基辛格感到罗杰斯是在挑刺儿，但是律师出身的尼克松支持他的同行的挑刺。